The efficacy of LGG in improving the remission of dyspepsia is likely to be ascribed to its influence on Hp-related gastric and duodenal dysbiosis (O’Hara and Shanahan, 2006; Bruno et al., 2018; Filardo et al., 2022) and, likely, the specific LGG administration schedule may also have positively affected the improvement of dyspepsia. Here, HP is linked to dyspepsia.