INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Briefly, as autoimmunity in rodent models of type 1 diabetes requires both CD4 and CD8 T cells (31), autoantigen expression is required for graft infiltration by autoreactive CD8 T cells following syngeneic islet transplantation (32) and rejection of vascularized organs appears CD4 T cell-dependent (33) it is probable that both T cell subsets contribute to the combination of autoimmunity and alloimmunity that would occur following implantation of genetically-disparate or genetically engineered insulin-producing cells into an autoimmune recipient.