A decreased frequency and activity of specific CD4+ T follicular helper cells (CXCR5+CD4+ Tfh) in HBV-related HCC patients, along with decreased expression of their co-stimulatory molecules (ICOS) and cytokines (IL-10/IL-21), could result in impairment of naïve B cell differentiation into plasmablasts (183). Here, CD4 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.