TNF and ulcer disease: LF, at both dose levels, was able to protect the gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers that mimicked ulcers in humans through multiple mechanisms of action, including the anti-oxidant effects (reduction of MDA and elevation of GSH and Nrf2 levels) and anti-inflammatory effects (reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines; TNF-α, IL-1, MPO, and ICAM-1).