In addition, the p-ERK1/2 levels were significantly reduced in both CCA cell lines at the concentrations tested (Figs. 4A–4B, 4D–4E), indicating that inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway may be implicated in TLPE extract-induced apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and cholangiocarcinoma.