Both approaches showed significant improvements in the pharmacokinetic profile of l-Dopa, lower cytotoxicity, better therapeutic efficiency, enhanced delivery across the BBB, minor side effects, greater motor symptom enhancement and dyskinesia suppression compared to free l-Dopa.61,65 Other polymeric nanocarriers that had been successfully used to deliver DA are PLGA, PLGA/albumin, self-assembled neuromelanin/BIX/Fe(AcO)2, and chitosan polymers. Here, ALB is linked to drug-induced dyskinesia.