Additionally, macrophage TRPV4 reportedly increases dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) and then mediates MAPK switching from JNK to p38 activation in a stiffness-dependent manner, which can enhance bacterial clearance and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and thereby mitigate the pathogenesis of infectious-associated ALI/ARDS [43]. Here, MAPK14 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.