CCL2 and neoplasm: We found that DKK1 expression was positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), interleukin 6 (IL6), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8, also referred to as IL8), interleukin 18 (IL18), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2, also referred to as MCP1) across multiple tumor types (Fig. 1a and Fig. S1a).