INS and diabetes mellitus: Among several types of diabetes, type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are of major concern worldwide—type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction in the body where the immune system attacks the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin and, as a result, little or no insulin is produced in the body; type 2 diabetes occurs when the cells in our body become resistant to insulin resulting in prevention of the absorption of sugars; GDM is typically associated with high blood glucose levels occurring later in pregnancy and usually disappears after the pregnancy ends.