In addition, CSF levels are increased in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis.33Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between free oxygen radicals and the antioxidant system.34Studies have suggested that conditions such as epilepsy, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord disease may be associated with oxidative stress.35Ischemia has been observed to be associated with increased free oxygen radicals in reperfusion injury, heart attack, stroke and increased lipocalin-2. Here, LCN2 is linked to multiple sclerosis.