Our study’s relevance to SARS-CoV-2 comes is supported by the finding that gene expression changes mapped following OC43 infection overlap with those seen following SARS-CoV-2 replication, and, correspondingly, that gene expression changes seen following SARS-CoV-2-infection of ACE-2-expressing A549 cells but blocked by remdesivir treatment also overlapped with those seen in SBI-5844 or SBI-0498-treated OC43-infected A549 cells. Here, ACE2 is linked to infection.