TNF and airway hyperresponsiveness: Xie and Du (2011) published similar results, and they found that RR methanol extraction had therapeutic functions for inflammatory treatment by blocking TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-15 production. Jin et al. (2014) reported that oral administration of PF significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness to aerosolized methacholine and decreased IL-4 and IL-13 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In vitro studies showed that PF ethanol extract suppresses Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in ConA-stimulated D10 cells without affecting their viability (Jin et al., 2014).