Furthermore, TGF-β1 signaling in the CNS plays a key role in mediating cellular and behavioral plasticity related to depression and the rescue of TGF-β1 canonical pathway in the hippocampus mediates behavioral effects of antidepressant treatment (Gergues et al., 2021; Mitra et al., 2022). Here, TGFB1 is linked to major depressive disorder.