TGFBR1 and diabetic kidney disease: In this context, it has been recently reported, by using an in vivo model of diabetic nephropathy, that male and female sex hormones seem to influence the TGF-β1/TGF-βR axis by different mechanisms; in particular estradiol via TGFβ-R1 and dihydrotestosterone via TGFβ-R2 (Ziller et al., 2020).