A first study has examined the transcriptome and miRNome profiles from the hippocampus of adult rats exposed to PNS with transcriptome data obtained from blood mRNA of adult humans exposed to early life trauma, demonstrating a strong interaction between TGF-β1 gene and PNS in the regulation of mechanisms relevant to stress and depression (Cattaneo et al., 2018). Here, TGFB1 is linked to major depressive disorder.