Prolonged activation of mTORC1 in the TSC1mKO mice also inhibits Akt phosphorylation, resulting in the activation of FOXO transcription factors and the upregulation of the E3 ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx/atrogin1 in some muscles, which may contribute to the early (3 months) atrophy, while the late-stage myopathy was linked to the suppression of autophagy and further NMJ fragmentation and denervation37. This evidence concerns the gene FBXO32 and myopathy.