TNF and infection: Increased expression of TNF, IL6, IL1B, and IL1A hub-central genes in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (bMDMs) following in vitro stimulation with M. bovis in a 48 h time series indicates their important role in the early-stage of infection (Wang et al., 2011; Magee et al., 2014; Sabio y García et al., 2020).