IFNG and infection: In human infections, the CD40-CD40L interaction between activated T cells and macrophages helps eliminate T. gondii parasitizing phagocytes through autophagy (Deretic et al., 2013), and a non-classical autophagy pathway that relies on ubiquitination was found to restrict T. gondii growth by targeting the PV in IFN-γ-treated HeLa cells (Selleck et al., 2015).