reported that RT in combination with CTLA-4 blockade induced anti-tumor responses in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), where TCR-Seq analysis of responding patients suggested that CD8+ T cells expanded rapidly in vivo due to the recognition of a new antigen encoded by a gene that was upregulated by radiation (209). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.