In addition, RT-induced TGF-β signaling increases the number of CAFs whose release of CXCL12 binds to the ligands CXCR4 and CXCR7, exerting pleiotropic pro-tumor activity, including induction of tumor survival, metastasis and affecting immune cell infiltration, and function (158–162). This evidence concerns the gene CXCR4 and neoplasm.