In addition, antagonists of some cytokines have been proposed for use in combination with immunotherapy, such as IL-17 antagonists, which have been proposed for COPD treatment and LC chemoprevention because IL-17 cytokines are associated with cigarette smoke-induced emphysema, and inhibition of IL-17 limits disease progression (19, 53). Here, IL17A is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.