PDCD1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In short, LC patients with COPD could benefit from anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, which may be due to changes in the TIME (an altered Th1/2 ratio and Treg/Th17 ratio, increased consumption of CD8+ cells and TIL and MDSC reversal), ultimately improving lung function and prolonging the OS or PFS of patients.