The search terms were (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease OR COPD OR ventilatory defect OR emphysema) AND (immune checkpoint inhibitor OR pembrolizumab OR atezolizumab OR nivolumab OR durvalumab OR carrelizumab OR toripalimab OR sintilimab OR tislelizumab OR immunity therapy OR PD-1 OR PD-L1) AND (Lung cancer). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.