STAT3 and Opportunistic infection: Via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), IL6 is critical for protective Th17 anti-Aspergillus host responses and given the role these systems have in the immune response to opportunistic infections, including IFD, immuno-modulation will likely increase the risk of IFD, as has been seen in other cohorts at risk of IFD when treated with immunomodulatory therapies (5, 30).