TNF and Melnick-Needles syndrome: The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) were lower (P < 0.01), whereas the levels of Ach were higher in the peri-infarct zone tissues in the MNS group 1 dogs than those in the MNS group 2 dogs (P < 0.01).