Cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) have been demonstrated to promote breast cancer progression (68–70), as they function as an active endocrine tissue to release adipokines (e.g., IL-6, TNFα, leptin, and adiponectin) that can suppress an active immune response (71) and play critical roles in tumor cell proliferation, as well as matrix metalloproteinases that are important for tumor invasiveness (72). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.