Historically, C. neoformans was felt to be a predominant infection of the immunocompromised and C. gattii that of immunocompetent patients; however, more recently, C. gattii infections have been strongly associated with the presence of immunosuppression mediated by an autoantibody to granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (13). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and infection.