GH1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: To explore whether rare variants in other components of the growth hormone (GH)-IGF1 hormone pathway might influence T2D risk, we next identified a further nine genes in the GH-IGF1 pathway that showed gene-burden associations with circulating IGF-1 levels in any of our burden tests (Table S3), including seven genes with known roles in regulating GH secretion or GH signaling and three genes with known roles in IGF-1 bioavailability.