Consistently, our data revealed not only increased expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in X-ALD macrophages but also increased mRNA levels for genes encoding adhesion molecules modulating the interaction of peripheral immune cells with the BBB (THBS1; integrinsubunitalphaL, ITGAL) or proteins initiating the plasminogen cascade resulting in matrix turnover and cell invasion such as CXCL7. Here, ITGAL is linked to X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.