TLR9 and viral encephalitis: In a study of Hsieh et al. (27) the evaluation of TLR1-9 responses (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, INF-alfa, INF gamma, and TNF-alfa) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) were compared with those of children with febrile seizures and non-refractory epilepsy with/without underlying encephalitis /encephalopathy: the authors [27] have found a Toll-like receptor3 (TLR3), TLR4,TLR7/8 and TLR9 responses impaired probably caused to their weakened phagocytosis and decreased T regulatory cells.