TNF and listeriosis: In animal models, an increase in pulmonary MKs was also observed following Listeria monocytogenes infection (53), thrombin-induced microthrombi in dogs (54), systemic inflammation induced by Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in rats (55), bleomycin-induced lung damage and fibrosis (56), Thrombopoietin (TPO)-accelerated thrombopoiesis (19, 27), and bleeding (27) in mice.