INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: BMI, WC, and VAI were all higher in DR than in non-DR patients with T2D (all P = 0.05). Unlike BMI and WC, the link between VAI and DR was maintained after accounting for demographics, metabolic variables, and insulin therapy (OR = 1.060, 95% CI 1.004-1.119, P = 0.035).