TNF and Alzheimer disease: Aβ also activates astroglial nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and complement signaling, impairing synaptic density and dendritic morphology (Lian et al., 2015), and increases astrocyte generation of inflammatory mediators such as, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, in response to scavenger receptor ligands (Murgas et al., 2012) and LPS (Forloni et al., 1997), contributing to the neurodegenerative changes seen in AD (Sajja et al., 2016).