ESM1 and central nervous system cancer: In addition, ESM1 was reported to promote cancer progression and invasion by regulating numerous pathways, including DLL4-Notch, NF-κB, PI3K-Akt-mTOR, and Wnt/β-catenin signalings in human adrenocortical carcinoma [22], colorectal cancer [27], breast cancer [28], glioma [29], and prostate cancer [19].