Hepatic macrophages include both resident macrophages (Kupffer cells (KCs)) and infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages.324,325 Deletion of KCs prevents the progression of NAFLD, and inhibition of monocytes in the liver via blockade of C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) improves NASH.326 During NAFLD, activated KCs present M1-like proinflammatory activity and secrete cytokines. Here, TBCE is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.