Circulating FFAs and glucose activate the TLR4-MyD 8 pathway and stimulate the production of proinflammatory factors and chemokines in β-cells, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, and CXCL1.278,279 IL-1β attenuates insulin secretion and stimulates the activation of resident immune cells.278 The chemokines CCL2 and CXCL1 promote the recruitment of monocytes within the islets of T2DM patients and the differentiation of these cells into macrophages. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.