VGLL4 and cancer: Meanwhile, increasing evidence has implicated VGLL4 in human cancer, as reduced VGLL4 mRNA and protein levels were observed in various tumors, such as gastric cancer (Jiao et al. 2014), lung cancer (Zhang et al. 2014), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Jiang et al. 2015), and colorectal cancer (Jiao et al. 2017).