In this respect, specific interventions with several molecular signaling pathways outside the renal RAS have been identified that may convey reno-protective effects on AAN, including inhibition of p53 [73], blockade of the TGF-β-mediated signaling pathway [48, 72], and increase in NO bioavailability [18, 33]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Balkan nephropathy.