TNF and irritable bowel syndrome: Furthermore, Veroniella is a proinflammatory taxon that increases in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome (Shukla et al., 2015; Ruigrok et al., 2021) and promotes the expression of several inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in the colon (Shukla et al., 2015).