TNF and necrotizing enterocolitis: First, compared with control mice, the levels of proinflammatory factors, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), were significantly increased, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were significantly decreased in murine pups with NEC.