In COPD-ASMC, TNF-α upregulated miR-101-3p expression by 2.62 ± 0.63 folds at 3 hours, 3.01 ± 0.50 folds at 6 hours and 11.23 ± 3.65 folds at 24 hours (Figure 3(a)). Here, TNF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.