Toll like receptors, pattern recognition receptors that recognizes bacterial and viral components on the surface of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and platelets, is activated in NAFLD and its downstream proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL are increased, thereby not only inducing lipogenic enzymes but also leading to liver damage (Todoric et al., 2020; Carpino et al., 2020). Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.