GRP and colon adenocarcinoma: Due to the limitation of RNA-sequencing, this study presents genes that encode enzymes that are mainly transcription factors and growth factors that are indirectly involved in the metabolism of sphingolipids, such as EEF1A2, GRP, HESR, IGF1, LAMA2, etc. However, the expression of certain genes such as SMPD1, SMPD3, SGMS1, SGMS2, ASAH1, ASAH2, etc, that encode enzymes directly related to the SLP metabolism was not detected, and some genes were not associated with the clinical outcomes of COAD.