While exposure to inflammation, characteristic of the early or later stages of T1D development, is usually associated with deleterious effects, the data presented here recall earlier work on enhanced expression of Programmed death-ligand 1 PD-L1 detected in β cells from long-standing T1D individuals (37), suggesting that ADAR1, like PD-L1, is involved in the positive adaptive mechanisms to protect β cells from further destruction. Here, ADAR is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.