Among solid tumour sites, higher lymphocyte and CD8+ T cell fractions were found in non-adnexal sites in scRNA-seq, whole-slide H&E and mpIF (Fig. 1g–i and Extended Data Figs. 3c–e and 4a–c) in both tumour and stromal regions (Extended Data Fig. 3f). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.