MAPK3 and cancer: Both the secondary bile acid products LCA and (deoxycholic acid) have been shown to promote CRC progression by activating the MAPK pathway through upregulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptors and calcium signaling.84 In addition, DCA has been shown to induce cancer via multiple processes, such as through the stimulation of ERK1/2, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, and caspase-3 signaling.