TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: ELISA results showed that the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and LPS) were significantly reduced in mice treated with hUCMSCs@Ex-4, while those of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-13) were markedly increased compared with the T1DM mice (Fig. 5).