HSPA5 and Insulin resistance: As previous studies have suggested a possible role of these taxa in modulation of intestinal mucus metabolism, immune function, and metabolic status42,43, we performed Spearman’s rho correlation analysis with metabolic/inflammatory variables, and observed that the fecal proportions of ASV_0918 and ASV_0920 correlated positively with the expression of zonulin and occludin, and negatively with jejunal and systemic levels of GRP78, systemic inflammation (e.g., CRP and LPS), liver damage (i.e., ALT and AST), adiposity, blood lipids (i.e., TG), and insulin resistance (e.g., HOMA-IR).