TNF and Parkinson disease: Besides, EVs derived from microglia stimulated by α-syn/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic PD inflammatory conditions also contain high levels of MHC class II molecules and TNF-α that trigger dopaminergic neurodegeneration, indicating the complex mechanisms of MDEV-mediated onset and progression of PD [131, 132].