Moreover, although astrocytes carrying PD-related mutant LRRK2 G2019S release comparable numbers of EVs versus normal astrocytes, the LRRK2 G2019S-ADEVs fail to provide full neurotrophic support after being internalized by dopaminergic neurons, indicating that alterations of the enrichment of ADEV cargos directly contribute to the progression of PD. Here, LRRK2 is linked to Parkinson disease.