HIF1A and neoplasm: Although TAE effectively inhibited tumor growth by cutting off the tumor blood supply, HIF-1α was increased to varying degrees after lipiodol, PVA, and PGEL embolization compared with the corresponding levels in the control group (23.0 ± 6.3% vs. 7.6 ± 3.0% vs. 2.8 ± 0.5% vs. 1.2 ± 0.4%, respectively, P < 0.001) (Fig. 5B).