KEAP1 and cancer: Although the association between autophagy, NRF2 signaling, and cancer cell fate was not investigated in this study, accelerated autophagic flux in cancer cells harboring constitutive NRF2 activation (mediated by a somatic mutation of the KEAP1 gene and/or epigenetic alteration of KEAP1 promoter) may underlie some chemotherapeutic resistance.