Furthermore, we studied u-Gal-3BP in comparison to Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), osteopontin (OPN) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which have been previously explored in SLE-associated renal pathology.17–20. This evidence concerns the gene LGALS3 and systemic lupus erythematosus.