HMGCL and hepatocellular carcinoma: To examine whether HMGCL re-expression reversed proliferation, migration, and invasion in HCC cells and excluded the off-target effects, we reintroduced engineered cDNA (shRES) for shRNA-insensitive HMGCL into HMGCL-silenced cells (Fig. 2C and Supplementary Fig. S3A), we found that re-expression of HMGCL reversed the enhancement of HCC cell migration and invasion induced by HMGCL silencing (Fig. 2D, F, H, J, L and Supplementary Fig. S3B, D, F, H).