Among these pathways, thyroid hormone (ZHU et al., 2020), insulin resistance (Tanase et al., 2020), HIF-1 (Mesarwi et al., 2021), mTOR, and AMPK signaling pathways (Park et al., 2021) were found to be closely associated with NAFLD. The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.