BDNF and Alzheimer disease: In addition, ICA is involved in promoting learning and memory in normal aging animals and disease models (Jin et al., 2019).In an Aβ1-42-induced AD rat model, ICA was shown to improve synaptic plasticity and exert neuroprotective effects through the BDNF/tyrosine kinase B (TrkB)/Akt pathway, thereby improving learning and memory (Sheng et al., 2017).