TNF and cancer: Roffe et al. (2010) found that HF inhibited Smad3 phosphorylation in muscle cells was due, at least in part, to HF-dependent activation of ERK, JNK and p38. Zeng et al. (2017) suggested that HF treatment robustly suppressed the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, but didn’t effluence ERK activation in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. However, Li et al. (2021) demonstrated that HF inhibited cancer cell proliferation by downregulating ERK phosphorylation in lung cancer cells.